The barges belong to garimpeiros (wildcat miners) who are searching illegally for gold. They dredge up sediment from the river bed and add mercury, which forms a coating around flecks of the precious metal. Then they burn it off, leaving pure gold and emitting toxic vapour.
read more... https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2023/11/28/to-save-the-amazon-lula-must-work-out-who-owns-it
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