Indonesia is the world’s second-largest source of mercury emissions from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) after China (Veiga, Maxson, and Hylander 2006; Pacyna et al. 2010; Ismawati 2014). The top 10 global ASGM mercury emitters in 2000 and 2005 are shown in Figure 1 (Veiga, Maxson, and Hylander 2006; Telmer and Veiga 2009; Pacyna et al. 2010; Cordy et al. 2011; Ismawati 2014). Annual mercury emissions from ASGM in Indonesia in 2000, 2005, and 2013 were approximately 125, 150, and 175 tons, respectively. In a five-year period (from 2000 to 2005), Indonesia’s ASGM mercury emissions were increased by approximately 20%.
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