The challenges faced by the five million artisanal and small-scale miners (ASM) in Africa are particularly acute. There is an exceptionally low level of mechanisation; little health and safety and endemic use of the lethal element mercury in gold processing. In return for these dangers, miners are often underpaid and exploited by local traders.
http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/fairtrade-partner-zone/2015/jan/16/on-its-way-fairtrade-gold-from-africa
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