That said, mining is an extractive industry, and it's always going to have an impact. Here's a quick look at some of the biggest environmental scares associated with gold mining and how they are confronted today.
Mercury - Symbol: Hg - Occurrence in the earth's crust: Rare - Toxicity: High
Mercury, also known as quicksilver, has been used to process gold and silver since the Roman era. Mercury doesn't break down in the environment and is highly toxic for both humans and animals. Today, the use of mercury is largely limited to artisanal and illegal mining. Industrial mining companies have switched to more efficient and less environmentally damaging techniques (e.g., cyanide leaching).
Developing countries with a heavy illegal mining presence, on the other hand, have seen mercury pollution increase. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) estimates that 1,000 tons of mercury are annually released into the air, soil, and water as a result of illegal mining activity.
To help combat the problem, the mining industry, through the members of the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), has partnered with governments of those nations to transfer low- or no-mercury processing technologies to the artisanal mining sector.
Sodium Cyanide - Mining compound employed: NaCN - Occurrence in nature: Common - Toxicity: High
This is one of the widely used chemicals in the industry that can make people's emotions run high. Historically considered a deadly poison, cyanide has been implicated in events such as the Holocaust, Middle Eastern wars, and the Jonestown suicides. Given such associations, it's no wonder that the public perceives it with alarm, without even adding mining to the equation.
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