South African mines are notoriously unsafe with high levels of
fatalities. This is partly attributed to the archaic methods of mining
that have not changed over the last 150 years. Gold mining is carried
out by thousands of semi and illiterate miners who use explosives to
blast rocks into smaller pieces that are then carried to the surface
where the gold is extracted. Small groups of Zama Zama miners basically
use the same technique with very little by way of safety or
communication technology at their disposal. So their level of danger is
considerably higher in an already dangerous system.
http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/1935
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