Mine operators have battled with workers and local residents since the dawn of the large-scale mining industry in the mid-1800s; and naturally mining has been a major target of environmentalists since the birth of the environmental movement roughly a century later. In recent years these groups have increasingly worked together in monitoring and fighting mining companies.
The somewhat loose and amorphous yet increasingly organized global mine watchdog movement brings together interest groups who sometimes have conflicting aims – for example mineworkers who want to keep their jobs even as they demand reforms, and environmental and indigenous groups who want to see mines closed altogether.
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