Toxic elements such as cyanide and mercury are intensively used in mining; an average large-scale gold mine, for example, uses 1,900 tonnes of cyanide annually. Twenty tonnes of waste are produced for every ounce of gold. The entire ecosystem is impaired; marine life and mammals, not to mention other fauna and, of course, flora, may be totally obliterated in affected areas. Small-scale gold mining is the largest source of mercury pollution to air and water combined.
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