According to OK International, gold mining can result in a significant release of mercury. The liquid metal is used in a process that extracts gold from other minerals by binding it to mercury. After the gold has binded, the mercury is burned off, releasing airborne mercury.
In addition to mercury, the Environmental Literacy Council, ELC, explains that the use and disposal of cyanide is another major environmental concern associated with mining.
Also used to separate gold from ore, cyanide is a well-known poison that in its gaseous state can be fatal to people at exposure levels ranging from 100 to 300 parts per million.
To limit the likelihood of cyanide-linked fatalities, governing bodies like the European Union are moving to ban cyanide use in mines across the world. In 2010, Parliament adopted a resolution calling for a ban on cyanide-using mining technologies in European countries by the end of 2011.
Although airborne cyanide exposure does not always result in negative health risks, the additional risk of liquid cyanide solutions leaching into soil and groundwater have encouraged its ban.
“There exists the potential for catastrophic cyanide spills that could inundate an ecosystem with toxic levels of cyanide,” the ELC’s website explains. “In 2000, heavy rain, ice, and snow caused a breach in a tailings dam at a gold mine in Baia Mare, Romania resulting in the release of 100,000 cubic meters of cyanide-rich waste into the surrounding watershed. Drinking water supplies were cut off for 2.5 million people and nearly all of the fish in the surrounding waters were killed.”
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